How Do You Start Onion Farming in The USA? A Complete Guide

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How To Start Onion Farming in the USA? An Agronomist Step-by-Step Guide For Beginners-You Must Need To Know

Onion farming is a profitable business in the USA that offers a promising opportunity for both experienced farmers and beginners. With careful planning and a commitment to quality, anyone can start this business venture.

Did you know that onions are the USA’s third largest fresh vegetable industry? And the best part is that they can be grown in subtropical areas from the tropics. Onions have a unique adaptation to different day lengths that impacts their bulbing process, unlike other species where it affects their flowers. This step-by-step guide will explore how to start onion farming in the USA, including soil management, fertilizer, irrigation requirements, pest management, harvesting time, and marketing strategies.

Onion-Cultivated Areas in the USA

Onions are cultivated extensively in different regions across the United States. The cultivation of onions is influenced by factors such as climate, soil conditions, and market demand. Here are some onion-cultivated areas in the USA:

Washington:

Washington is one of the largest onion-producing states in the USA. The fertile Columbia Basin, located in the eastern part of the state, is the primary region for dry onion production. Onions from this region are typically shipped from the Tri-Cities area northward3.

Idaho-Eastern Oregon:

The Snake River Valley, spanning from western Idaho to eastern Oregon, is another significant onion-growing region in the USA. This area has the highest concentration of dry onion acreage in the country. Onions from this region are typically shipped from August until March or April 3.

California:

This is a central onion-producing state, with onions grown in various regions such as the San Joaquin Valley, Imperial Valley, and Central Valley. California produces yellow onions, followed by red and white onions1 3.

West-Central Oregon:

This is another important region for onion production in the USA. This region, along with Idaho-Eastern Oregon, contributes to the overall onion production in the Pacific Northwest3.

Georgia:

Georgia is known for its sweet onions, mainly the Vidalia onion. The Vidalia onion industry in Georgia has gained recognition and has defined a specific geographic area where growers can cultivate these onions. The Vidalia onion industry has experienced growth and has implemented measures to protect the authenticity of Vidalia onions2.

Other States:

Onions are also grown in other states across the USA, including New Mexico, New York, Nevada, Texas, and Colorado. These states contribute significant onion production and have unique growing conditions and market dynamics3.

It’s important to note that onion cultivation can vary within each state, with specific regions or counties specializing in onion production. The choice of onion-cultivated areas may depend on climate suitability, market demand, and proximity to distribution channels.

In conclusion, onions are grown in different parts of the United States, with significant areas for onion cultivation in Washington, Idaho-Eastern Oregon, California, West-Central Oregon, Georgia, and other states. Each part has unique characteristics and contributes to the overall onion production in the USA.

Growing onion.

What are The Factors Affecting Onion Production and Availability in the US?

Improper Agronomic Practices: Inadequate implementation of proper agricultural practices, such as planting techniques, irrigation, fertilization, and pest management, can impact onion production and availability1.
Cost of Production Inputs: The cost of production inputs, including seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and labor, can affect onion production. Higher input costs may lead to reduced production or higher prices for consumers1.
Storage Facilities: Lack of adequate storage facilities can impact onion availability. Proper storage is crucial to maintaining onions’ quality and shelf life, especially during oversupply or off-season1.
Market Demand: Market demand plays a significant role in onion production and availability. Domestic and international consumer demand fluctuations can influence the production levels and distribution of onions2.
Perishability: Onions have a limited shelf life and are prone to spoilage. Proper post-harvest handling and storage practices are essential to minimize losses and maintain the quality of onions2.
Market Price: The market price of onions can affect production and availability. Low market prices may discourage farmers from growing onions, reducing production and availability2.
Nature of the Crop: Onions have specific growth requirements and are susceptible to various pests and diseases. Weather conditions, soil quality, and pest management practices can impact onion production2.
Market Linkage Problem: Challenges in connecting onion producers with markets can affect availability. Efficient transportation and distribution networks are crucial to ensure a steady supply of onions to consumers2.

In conclusion, several factors can influence onion production and availability in the USA. These factors include improper agronomic practices, cost of production inputs, lack of adequate storage facilities, limited access to improved seeds, market demand, perishability, market price, nature of the crop, and market linkage problems. Addressing these factors is essential for maintaining a stable and reliable supply of onions to meet consumer demand.

Present Situation of Onion Farming in California

California is the largest onion producer in the USA, producing both spring and summer-harvested onions5. The main production areas in California are the low desert, the San Joaquin Valley, and the Central Valley regions2. In 2015, California produced 31% of the total onion production in the USA5.

However, onion farming in California faces several challenges. One study found that improper agronomic practices, the cost of production inputs, lack of adequate storage facilities, and limited access to improved seeds contributed to the rise and fall of onion production in the state1. Additionally, onion farming in California is subject to various pests and diseases, including thrips, onion maggots, and fusarium basal rot5.

Despite these challenges, onion farming remains a profitable venture in California. The state’s favorable climate and fertile soil make it an ideal location for onion production. California onions are known for their high quality, flavor, and versatility, making them a popular choice for consumers and chefs alike5.

In conclusion, onion farming in California is a significant industry that faces several challenges. Despite these challenges, California remains the largest onion producer in the USA, and onion farming remains a profitable venture in the state. By following best practices for soil management, fertilization, irrigation, and pest management, onion farmers in California can achieve maximum plant development and yield.

Different Types of Onion Varieties in the USA

Many different types of onions can be grown in the USA. Some of the best onion varieties for beginners to grow in the USA include:

Patterson: This yellow onion variety is known for its sweet flavor and long storage life. It is a popular choice for home gardeners and commercial growers alike4.
Kelsae Sweet Giant: This large, sweet onion variety is perfect for salads and sandwiches. It is a long-day onion best suited for northern regions of the USA4.
Sturon: This yellow onion variety is known for its high yield and disease resistance. It is a popular choice for commercial growers4.
Crystal White Wax: This white onion variety is known for its mild flavor and crisp texture. It is a popular choice for salads and sandwiches4.
Walla Walla Sweet: This sweet onion variety is known for its large size and mild flavor. It is a popular choice for home gardeners in the Pacific Northwest4.
Red Creole: This red onion variety is known for its spicy flavor and long storage life. It is a popular choice for southern regions of the USA4.

Varieties of Onions According to Season

Onions can be classified according to the season they are grown in. Winter/autumn onions are planted in the fall and harvested in the spring, while spring/summer onions are planted in the spring and harvested in the summer1.

An agricultural expert is standing in a field where they are producing onion seeds.

Onion Flowers

Onion Varieties are Suitable for Different Regions in the USA

Onions are categorized into three basic types: short-day, intermediate-day, and long-day onions. Short-day onions grow best in southern latitudes, intermediate-day onions grow best in central spaces, and long-day onions grow best in northern latitudes5 7.

Some of the best onion varieties for beginners in the USA include Patterson, Kelsae Sweet Giant, Sturon, Crystal White Wax, Walla Walla Sweet, and Red Creole1 8. The most commonly grown onion varieties in California are yellow onions, followed by red and white onions1.

In the South, summer days are similar in length to winter ones. This region includes zone 7 and warmer. If you garden in this area, grow short-day onions. Day-neutral onions form bulbs in any location but are especially suited for gardeners in zones 5 and 6 3 7.

In the North, summer days are long. This region encompasses zone 6 and is colder. If you garden in this area, grow long-day onions3 7.

It’s essential to choose onion varieties that are suitable for your geographic area. Farmers breed onions specific to their growing area, considering the necessary day length or hours of daylight required for maturity. The number of hours of light triggers the onion bulbing process2 5.

In conclusion, the best onion varieties for different regions in the USA depend on the type of onion and the geographic area. Short-day onions are best suited for southern latitudes, intermediate-day onions are best suited for central spaces, and long-day onions are best suited for northern latitudes. Choosing onion varieties suitable for your geographic area is essential to maximize onion quality, yield, and profits.

Best Practices for Soil Management for Onion Farming in the USA

This is a critical aspect of onion farming. Proper soil management can help to maximize onion quality, yield, and profits. Here are some best practices for soil management in onion farming:

Soil Testing:

Testing is an essential step in soil management for onion farming. Soil testing can help determine the pH, nutrient levels, and other soil characteristics affecting onion growth and development. Farmers can adjust soil pH and nutrient levels to optimize onion growth and development2 based on soil test results.

Soil Preparation:

Proper soil preparation is essential for onion farming. It should begin before planting, adding organic matter such as compost or manure2 in the fall. The soil should not be compacted; the pH should be 5.8 to 6.62. Proper soil preparation ensures that the soil is loose and well-drained, essential for onion growth and development.

Crop Rotation:

Crop rotation is an essential aspect of soil management for onion farming. Onions should not be planted more than once every five years in a field, especially if conditions favor a soil-borne problem4. Incorporating crop rotation into your farming practices can positively impact plant health and growth. By alternating crops, you can lower the risk of disease and plant stress, allowing for more robust and competitive plants. It, in turn, leads to better nutrient and moisture absorption during the growth and development stages of the plants and bulbs.

Fertilization:

Onions require timely applications of nutrients to achieve maximum plant development and yield. Nitrogen is one of the most essential nutrients for onion plant growth and development, with a typical onion crop using about 150-200 pounds of actual nitrogen per acre during the growing season2. Proper fertilization ensures the soil has adequate nutrients to support onion growth and development.

Weed Management:

Weed management is an essential aspect of soil management for onion farming. Weeds compete with onions for nutrients and moisture, which can reduce onion growth and development. Farmers can achieve weed management with herbicides, cultivation, and a good crop-rotation system2.

Disease Management:

Disease management is an essential aspect of soil management for onion farming. Soil-borne problems of onions are managed, but not eliminated, by using carefully implemented integrated approaches to crop production and protection4. These methods can improve plant growth by reducing disease and stress, allowing them to obtain nutrients and moisture better. Disease-resistant and new onion varieties with enhanced resistance to some soil-borne organisms are being developed4.

In conclusion, soil management is critical to onion farming in the USA. Proper soil testing, preparation, crop rotation, fertilization, weed management, and disease management are essential for maximizing onion quality, yield, and profits. By following best practices for soil management, onion farmers in the USA can achieve maximum plant development and outcome.

Fertilizer Requirement for Onion Growth in the USA

Onions require more fertilizer than most vegetable crops because fertilization of both plant beds and dry bulb onions must be considered2. Proper fertilization is essential for onion growth and development. Here are some key factors to consider for fertilizer requirements in onion farming:

Nitrogen:

Onions require moderate levels of nitrogen for optimal growth and development. A good rule of thumb is to add one cup of equal parts blood meal and bone meal granule fertilizer every 10 feet of row5. Onions require 40 to 160 lb N per acre (pre-plant soil nitrate-N [0- to 24-in depth] plus side-dress fertilizer N) for maximum jumbo yields6.

Phosphorus:

Phosphorus is essential for early plant growth and onion root development. Therefore, if a phosphorus strip is applied at the planting time, it should be placed two inches below and two inches below the seed1. Put a handful of rock phosphate or bone meal in the soil before planting to provide phosphorus. Also, spray 5-10-10 fertilizers on the ground at 2 1/4 cups per 10 feet long, 15-inch-wide row. Alternatively, use 1 cup of 8-16-16 fertilizer or 1/2 cup of 10-10-10 fertilizer1.

Potassium:

Onions require relatively high potassium levels for optimal growth and development. Fertilizers provide these nutrients in the form of potash and phosphate1. Onions need moderate potassium, and much of Utah’s soil is rich enough for onion growth and development1.

Micronutrients:

Onions require minor elements for optimal growth and development. A complete fertilizer with minor elements will provide most other required nutrients2. Micronutrients can become toxic if excessively applied, so apply them only when needed and in precise amounts. Routine visual inspection of onion fields to watch for nutrient deficiencies is always important2.

Timing:

Onions require timely applications of nutrients to achieve maximum plant development and yield. They respond well to additional fertilizer applied 40 to 60 days after seeding or transplanting2. The method of fertilizer application is essential in obtaining maximum output, with multiple applications ensuring good yields2.

In conclusion, proper fertilization is essential for onion growth and development. For optimal growth and development, onions require moderate nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and minor elements. Timely applications of nutrients are essential for maximum plant development and yield. By following best practices for fertilizer management, onion farmers in the USA can achieve top onion quality, results, and profits.

Irrigation Requirement for Onion Farming

Proper irrigation is crucial for onion farming in the USA to ensure optimal growth, bulb development, and yield. Here are some critical considerations for irrigation requirements in onion farming:

Frequency:

Onions require frequent irrigation to maintain high soil moisture levels1. The crop requires light irrigation when about 25 percent of available water in the top 0.3 meters (1 foot) of soil has been depleted3. Regular monitoring of soil moisture levels is essential to determine the timing and frequency of irrigation.

Soil Moisture Management:

Onions prefer well-drained soils, and excessive soil moisture can lead to issues such as root rot and reduced bulb quality1. Maintaining proper soil moisture levels is essential to avoiding over- and under-irrigation. Good drainage is crucial to prevent waterlogging and ensure healthy root development.

Water Requirements:

The water requirements for onions can vary depending on climate, soil type, and growth stage. Seasonal irrigation requirements for onions in different locations have been estimated to range between 390 and 893 millimeters2. However, it is important to note that irrigation requirements may vary based on specific conditions and should be adjusted accordingly.

Irrigation Methods:

Various irrigation methods can be used for onion farming, including sprinkler and drip irrigation systems2. Drip irrigation is particularly beneficial as it provides water directly to the root zone, minimizing water loss through evaporation and ensuring efficient water use. However, the choice of irrigation method may depend on factors such as water availability, infrastructure, and farm size.

Irrigation Scheduling:

Proper irrigation scheduling is essential to meet the water needs of onions at different growth stages. Optimal soil water potential thresholds for triggering irrigation are between -17 kilopascals (kPa) and -27 kPa for drip and furrow irrigation2. Monitoring soil moisture levels and using tools such as tensiometers or soil moisture sensors can help determine the appropriate timing and amount of irrigation.

Water Conservation:

Efficient water use is essential for sustainable onion farming. Practices such as mulching, which helps to reduce evaporation and maintain soil moisture, can contribute to water conservation3. Additionally, adopting technologies and practices that maximize water use efficiency, such as deficit irrigation regimes, can help optimize water usage while maintaining onion yield and quality2.

In conclusion, proper irrigation is essential for successful onion farming in the USA. Onions require frequent irrigation to maintain high soil moisture levels. Monitoring soil moisture, managing soil moisture levels, and adopting efficient irrigation methods are vital to ensuring optimal onion growth and development. By implementing appropriate irrigation practices, onion farmers can maximize yield and quality while conserving water resources.

Common Pests and Their Management in Onion Farming

Onion farming can be affected by various pests that can cause damage to the crop. Implementing effective pest management strategies is crucial for maintaining onion health and maximizing yield. Here are some common problem and their management:

1. Onion Thrips (Thrips tabaci):

Onion thrips are a significant pest in onion production, causing damage by feeding on leaves and transmitting viruses2. Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for onion thrips include cultural practices such as removing weed hosts, using reflective mulches, and employing biological control agents like predatory mites2.

2. Onion Maggots (Delia antiqua):

Onion maggots are soil-dwelling pests that feed on onion roots, leading to stunted growth and plant decline4. Crop rotation, using insecticide-treated seed, and applying insecticides at the base of plants can help manage onion maggot infestations4.

3. Onion Bulb Mites (Rhizoglyphus spp.):

Onion bulb mites can cause damage to onion bulbs, resulting in reduced quality and market value4. Crop rotation, soil solarization, and using certified disease-free seed can help manage onion bulb mite infestations4.

4. Nematodes:

Nematodes are microscopic worms that can cause damage to onion roots, leading to stunted growth and reduced yield5. Crop rotation, soil solarization, and resistant onion varieties can help manage nematode infestations5.

5. Fusarium Basal Rot (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae):

Fusarium basal rot is a fungal disease that affects onion bulbs, causing rot and decay5. Crop rotation, disease-free seed, and good sanitation can help manage Fusarium basal rot5.

6. Onion White Rot (Sclerotium cepivorum):

Onion white rot is a devastating fungal disease that affects the roots and bulbs of onions, leading to plant death and yield loss5. Crop rotation, using resistant onion varieties, and practicing good sanitation can help manage onion white rot5.

7. Weeds:

Weeds can compete with onions for resources and reduce crop yield. Weed management practices such as mulching, hand weeding, and herbicide application can help control weed growth and minimize competition3.

Integrated pest management (IPM) approaches, which combine various strategies such as cultural practices, biological control, and judicious use of pesticides, are recommended for effective pest management in onion farming2 4. Regular monitoring of pest populations and timely intervention can help prevent severe infestations and minimize crop damage.

In conclusion, onion farming can be affected by various pests that can cause damage to the crop. Implementing integrated pest management strategies, including cultural practices, biological control, and targeted pesticide use, can help manage common pests in onion farming. Regular monitoring and early intervention are key to maintaining onion health and maximizing yield.

Onion pests

Harvesting Time for Onion Farming in the USA

The timing of onion harvesting in the USA depends on various factors, including the region, onion variety, and market demand. Here are some insights into the harvesting time for onion farming:

Regional Variations:

The harvesting time for onions can vary across different regions in the USA. For example, in Utah, the primary harvest season for spring-seed onions typically starts near the end of August and continues through early October, with September being the primary harvest month3. In California, onion harvesting takes place from April to November, with different regions having their strengths and contributing to year-round supply6.

Growth Stage:

The optimum time for onion harvesting is when the foliage is still partially erect, well before the tops are completely down and dry3. Research has shown that yields can increase by 30-40% between the stage when tops begin to go down and when the leaves are fully down and dry3. Harvesting at the correct growth stage ensures optimal bulb development and quality.

Market Demand:

The process of harvesting onions is also affected by the demand in the market. Farmers aim to time their harvest to meet market needs and ensure a fresh supply of onions. The harvested onions need several weeks of warm temperatures in storage to complete the curing process3. Keeping onions in the field can compromise quality due to rots and other storage issues3.

Machinery and Techniques:

Harvesting onions often involves the use of specialized machinery. One standard method is using a chopper machine that cuts the green tops off the onions, followed by another device that lifts and separates the bulbs from the soil6. This mechanized approach helps streamline the harvesting process and improve efficiency.

In conclusion, the timing of onion harvesting in the USA varies depending on the region, growth stage, and market demand. Harvesting is typically done when the foliage is partially erect, and the tops are not entirely down and dry. Farmers aim to meet market needs while ensuring optimal bulb quality. Mechanized techniques are often employed to facilitate the harvesting process.

Onion in the field

How To Store Onions After Harvesting?

After harvesting onions, it is essential to store them properly to maintain their quality and freshness. Here are some tips for keeping onions after harvesting:

Curing:

After harvesting, they should be cured onions for several weeks to allow the outer layers to dry and the necks to tighten1. Curing can be done by spreading the onions in a dry, well-ventilated area with good air circulation. This process helps to extend the storage life of onions.

Storage Location:

Onions should be stored in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated location,1 4. Ideal storage temperatures are around 35 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit1. A garage, basement, or shed can be suitable storage locations. It would help if you kept onions away from direct sunlight and moisture.

Storage Containers:

Onions can be stored in various containers, including mesh bags, brown paper bags, nylon mesh bags, wire or wicker baskets, milk crates, or burlap sacks2. These containers allow for proper air circulation, which is essential for maintaining onion quality and preventing rotting.

Inspection:

Before storing onions, it is essential to scrutinize them for any signs of damage or disease3. It is recommended to set aside onions with blemishes, bruises, or damage and use them first. Proper storage of onions prevents the spread of disease and ensures that the best quality onions are available for later use.

Rotation:

Onions should be rotated periodically to ensure they are not stored too long and prevent spoilage4. By using the oldest onions first, farmers can ensure that the onions are used before they spoil.

In conclusion, proper storage is essential for maintaining onion quality and freshness after harvesting. Curing, storing in a cool and dry location, using suitable storage containers, inspecting onions for damage, and rotating onions periodically is key to ensuring optimal onion storage. By following these tips, onion farmers can enjoy their harvest for months.

onions

Onion Marketing Strategies in the USA

Marketing onions effectively is crucial for onion farmers to sell their produce and maximize profits. Here are some strategies and considerations for onion marketing in the USA:

Variety Identification:

Let customers know the variety of onions being sold to educate them on how to use different varieties1. Using signage to identify the type, flavor, and recommended uses can help attract customers and increase sales.

Market Channels:

Various market channels are available for onion farmers in the USA. These include wholesale markets, cooperatives, local retailers, roadside stands, farmers markets, community-supported agriculture (CSA), pick-your-own operations, and processing firms4. Farmers can choose the market channels that best suit their needs and target customer base.

Building Relationships:

Building relationships with local retailers’ produce managers can create opportunities for onion farmers to supply their produce directly to stores4. Providing good-quality onions consistently and meeting the stores’ requirements can help establish long-term partnerships.

Market Research:

Conducting market research to understand consumer preferences, demand trends, and pricing can help onion farmers make informed decisions about their marketing strategies3. Staying updated on industry news and market dynamics can provide valuable insights for positioning and promoting onions effectively.

Packaging and Presentation:

Packaging plays a crucial role in attracting customers. Using attractive packaging, such as mesh bags or customized labels, can enhance the visual appeal of onions and differentiate them in the market4. Presenting onions in an organized and appealing manner at farmers’ markets or roadside stands can attract customers.

Online Presence:

Establishing an online presence through a website or social media platforms can help onion farmers reach a wider audience and promote their products3. Sharing information about the farm, cultivation practices, and the quality of onions can build trust and attract customers.

Collaborations and Partnerships:

Collaborating with other local farmers or participating in community events can create cross-promotion opportunities and reach a larger customer base3. Partnering with local restaurants or chefs who value locally sourced ingredients can also help create a niche market for specialty onions.

Quality Assurance:

Consistently providing high-quality onions is essential for building a reputation and retaining customers. Ensuring proper post-harvest handling, storage, and transportation practices can help maintain the quality and freshness of onions4.

In conclusion, effective marketing is crucial for onion farmers in the USA to sell their produce successfully. By identifying onion varieties, choosing appropriate market channels, building relationships, conducting market research, focusing on packaging and presentation, establishing an online presence, collaborating with others, and prioritizing quality assurance, onion farmers can enhance their marketing efforts and increase their chances of success in the competitive onion market.

What is The Average Onion Yield per Acre in The USA?

The average onion yield per acre in the USA varies depending on various factors, including region, variety, and farming practices. Here are some insights from the search results:

Approximately 134,700 acres of onions (spring, summer, and storage) were harvested in 2020, with average yields of 503 cwt per acre1.
The farmer can expect a yield of 120 to 140 q/acre or 12 t to 14 t/ acre in 120 to 150 days after sowing2.
Growers generally plant 75,000 to 120,000 onions per acre in single rows with 2 inches between plants in the row and 24 inches between rows3.
The estimated yield potential for onions is 300-1000 50lbs sacks/acre, with a profit potential of $0 to $1,200 per acre4.
In one square meter area, there will be 15 onion plants. So, per hectare, there will be 150,000 onion plants. The total yield of onions will be 100 to 120 quintals per hectare5.
The United States harvests about 125,000 acres of onions annually, producing 6.75 billion pounds annually6.

In conclusion, the average onion yield per acre in the USA can vary depending on various factors, including region, variety, and farming practices. Onion farmers can maximize their yield potential by following the best methods for onion farming, such as proper soil management, fertilization, irrigation, and pest management.

Conclusion

Onion farming in the USA is a promising opportunity for both experienced and beginners. Understanding the onion-cultivated areas in the USA, the production and availability of onions, and the varieties suitable for different regions are essential for making informed decisions.

Soil management, fertilizer and irrigation requirements, pest management, and harvesting time are crucial for healthy onion plants and maximum yield. Farmers can implement effective marketing strategies to maximize their profits and reach their target customers. These strategies include identifying market channels, building relationships, conducting market research, and focusing on packaging and presentation.

Overall, onion farming requires careful planning, attention to detail, and adherence to best practices. By following a step-by-step guide and implementing best practices, individuals can embark on a rewarding journey in onion farming and contribute to the thriving agricultural industry in the USA.